For those who feel unsafe browsing on this site due to possible sexual abuse within your household, press the Safe Exit button at any time to switch your browser to Google and clear the back button. For even more protection, clear your browser history and open this site in an incognito window.

  • Abel, G., Becker, J., Mittelman, M., Cunningham-Rathner, J., Rouleau, J., & Murphy, W. (1987). Self reported sex crimes on non-incarcerated paraphiliacs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2(1), 3-25.
  • Abel, G. & Harlow, N. (2001). Stop Child Molestation. 
  • Adams, J.A. (1993). Quality assurance in sexual abuse evaluation: An idea whose time has come. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2, 103-106.
  • Banyard, V.L. (2003). Explaining links between sexual abuse and psychological distress: Identifying mediating processes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 869-875.
  • Beitchman, J.H., Zucker, K.J., Hood, J.E., daCosta, G.A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992). A review of the long term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect,16, 101-118.
  • Bolen, R. & Scannapieco, M. (1999). Prevalence of child sexual abuse: A corrective meta-analysis. Social Service Review, 73, 281-313.
  • Boney-McCoy, S. & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of violent victimization in a national youth sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 726-736.
  • Boyer, D. & Fine, D. (1992). Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment. Family Planning Perspectives,24, 4-11.
  • Butler, J. & Burton, L. (1990). Rethinking teenage childbearing: Is sexual abuse a missing link? Family Relations, 39, 73-80.
  • Chandy, J., Blum, R., & Resnick, M. (1996). Female adolescents with a history of sexual abuse: Risk outcome and protective factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 503-518.
  • Chasan-Taber, L. & Tabachnick, J. (1999). Evaluation of a child sexual abuse prevention program. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11, 279-292.
  • Davis, K. & Gidycz, C. (2000). Child sexual abuse prevention programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical & Child Psychology,29, 257-265.
  • Day, A., Thurlow, K., & Woolliscroft, J. (2003). Working with childhood sexual abuse: A survey of mental health professionals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 191-198.
  • Donnelly, A. (1992). National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. Chicago, IL.
  • Driver, E. (1989). Introduction. Child Sexual Abuse: A Feminist Reader, 1-68.
  • Dubowitz, H., Black, M., Harrington, D., & Verschoore, A. (1993). A follow-up study of behavior problems associated with child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 743-754.
  • Elliott, M., Browne, K., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5, 579-594.
  • Faulkner, N. (1996). Sexual Abuse Recognition and Non-Disclosure Inventory of Young Adolescents. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI.
  • Fergusson, D., Horwood, L., & Lynskey, M. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behavior, and sexual revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 789-803.
  • Finkelhor, D. (1994). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 409-417.
  • Finkelhor, D. & Browne, A. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 66-77.
  • Finkelhor, D., & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994). Children as victims of violence: A national survey. Pediatrics, 94, 413-420.
  • Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I.A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 19-28.
  • Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K., & Wolak, J. (2001, March). Highlights of the Youth Internet Safety Survey. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
  • Finkelhor, D., & Strapko, N. (1992). Sexual abuse prevention education: A review of evaluation studies. D. J. Willis, E. W. Holden, & M. Rosenburg (Eds.), Prevention of child maltreatment: Developmental and Ecological Perspectives, 150-167.
  • Friedrich, W., Fisher, J.L., Dittner, C., Acton, R., Berliner, L., Butler, J., Damon, L., Davies, W., Gray, A., & Wright, J. (2001). Child sexual behavior inventory: Normative, psychiatric, and sexual abuse comparisons. Child Maltreatment, 6, 37- 49.
  • Goodman, G.S., Ghetti, S., Quas, J.A., Edelstein, R.S., Alexander, K.W., Redlich, A.D., Cordon, I.M., & Jones, D.P.H. (2003). A prospective study of memory for child sexual abuse: New findings relevant to the repressed-memory controversy. Psychological Science, 14, 113-118.
  • Goodman-Brown, T.B., Edelstein, R.S., Goodman, G.S., Jones, D.P.H., & Gordon, D.S. (2003). Why children tell: A model of children's disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 525-540.
  • Hammond, R.W. (2003). Public health and child maltreatment prevention: The role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child Maltreatment, 8, 81-83.
  • Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1996). Predictors of sexual offender recidivism: A meta-analysis. (User Report No. 1996-04). Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.
  • Hopper, J. (1998). Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, Resources. Boston, MA: Boston University School of Medicine. 
    Jacob, S. (2003). Abuse and neglect: The educator's guide to the identification and prevention of child maltreatment. Psychology in the Schools,41, 441-443.
  • Kendler, K., Bulik, C., Silberg, J., Hettema, J., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: An epidemiological and Cotwin Control Analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953-959.
  • Kessler, R.C., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K.R. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 1002-1014.
  • Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H.S. Best, C.L. & Schnurr, P.P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19-30. 
  • Kilpatrick, D.G., Ruggerio, K.J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B.E., Resnick, H.S., & Best, C.L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692-700.
  • Kilpatrick, D., Saunders, B., & Smith, D. (2003). Youth victimization: Prevalence and implications. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice report. 
  • Kohl, J. (1993). School-based child sexual abuse prevention programs. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 137-150.
  • Landry, D. & Forrest, D. (1995). How old are fathers? Family Planning Perspectives, 27, 159-165.
  • Lisak, D. (1994). The psychological impact of sexual abuse: Content Analysis Interviews with male survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 525-548.
  • McGuigan, W.M., Katzev, A.R., & Pratt, Clara C. (2003). Multi-level determinants of retention in a home-visiting child abuse prevention program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 363-380. 
  • McLeer, S.V., Deblinger, E., Henry, D., & Orvaschel, H. (1992). Sexually abused children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 875-879.
  • McNary, S. & Black, M. (2003). Use of the Child Abuse Potential inventory as a measure of treatment outcome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 459-461.
  • Merrill, L.L., Thomsen, C.L., Sinclair, B.B., Gold, S.R., & Milner, J.S. (2001). Predicting the impact of child sexual abuse on women: The role of abuse severity, parental support, and coping strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 992-1006.
  • Miller, T., Cohen, R., & Wiersema, B., (1996). Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. National Institute of Justice. Washington D.C.
  • Miller, B., Logan, U., Benson, B., & Galbraith, K. (2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 1-38.
  • Morrow, S.L., & Smith, M.L. (1995). Constructions of survival and coping by women who have survived childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 42, 24-33.
  • Murry, K., Baker, A., & Lewin, L. (2000). Screening families with young children for child maltreatment potential. Pediatric Nursing,26, 47.
  • National Center for Juvenile Justice. (1999, September). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report, Washington. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 45.
  • Noll, J.G., Trickett, P.K., & Putnam, F.W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 575-586.
  • Paolucci, E.O, Genuis, M.L, & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Psychology, 135, 17-36.
  • Peterson, L., Tremblay, G., Ewigman, B., & Saldana, L. (2003). Multilevel selected primary prevention of child maltreatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,71, 601-612.
  • Pierre, N., Shrier, L., Emans, S., & DuRant, R. (1998). Adolescent males involved in pregnancy: Associations of forced sexual contact and risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 23, 364-369.
  • Polusny, M.A., & Follette, V.M. (1995). Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4, 143-166. 
  • Putnam, F. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269-278. 
  • Reder, P., & Duncan, S. (2003). Understanding communication in child protection networks. Child Abuse Review, 12, 82-100.
  • Rispens, J., Aleman, A., & Goudena, P. (1997). Prevention of child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analysis of school programs. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 975-987.
  • Roberts, M.C., Alexander, K., & Fanurik, D. (1990). Evaluation of commercially available materials to prevent child sexual abuse and abduction. American Psychologist, 45, 782-783.
  • Roosa, M., Tein, J., Reinholtz, C., & Angelini, P. (1997). The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 119-130.
  • Sanberg, D., Lynn, S., & Green, J. (1994). Sexual abuse and revictimization: Mastery, dysfunctional learning, and dissociation. In S. Lynn & J. Rhue (Eds.), Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 242-267). New York: Guilford.
  • Saunders, B.E., Kilpatrick, D.G., Hanson, R.F., Resnick, H.S., & Walker, M.E. (1999). Prevalence, case characteristics, and long term psychological correlates of child rape among women: A national survey. Child Maltreatment, 4, 187-200. 
  • Silverman, J., Raj, A., Mucci, L. & Hathaway, J. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance abuse, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 572-579.
  • Shakeshaft, C. (1998). Hofstra University: Testimony, NYS Senate Committee On Children & Families.
  • Simpson, C., Odor, R., & Masho, S. (2004 August). Childhood Sexual Assault Victimization in Virginia. Center for Injury & Violence Prevention. Virginia Department of Health. Retrieved September 9, 2004 from .
  • Snyder, H N. (2000). Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Juvenile Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Sorensen, T. & Snow, B. (1991). How children tell: The process of disclosure in child sexual Abuse. Child Welfare League of America, 70, 3-15.
  • South Carolina Other Forcible Sex Crimes. (1999). South Carolina Law Enforcement Division. Retrieved July 7, 2004 from:
  • Stander, V.A., Olson, C.B., & Merrill, L.L. (2002). Self-definition as a survivor of childhood sexual abuse among Navy recruits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 369-377.
  • Tebbutt, J., Swanston, H., Oates, R.K., & O'Toole, B.I. (1997). Five years after child sexual abuse: Persisting dysfunction and problems of prediction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 330-339.
  • Trocmé, N., & Schumaker, K. (1999). Reported child sexual abuse in Canadian schools and recreational facilities: Implications for developing effective prevention strategies. Children and Youth Services Review, 21, 621-642.
  • Tyler, K. (2002). Social and emotional outcomes of child sexual abuse: A review of recent research. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 7, 567-589.
  • US Department of Justice. (1991). Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, Washington, D.C.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (1995). Child Sexual Exploitation: Improving Investigations and Protecting Victims: A Blueprint for Action. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and Office for Victims of Crime.
  • US Department of Justice. (1996). Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, Washington, D.C.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2000). Sexual Assault on Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement. Bureau of Justice Reports.
    Voeltanz, N., Wilsnack, S., Harris, R., Wilsnack, R., Wonderlich, S., Kristjanson, A. (1999). Prevalence and risk for childhood sexual abuse in women: National survey findings. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 579-592.
  • Walker, E.A., Gelfand, A.G., Katon, W.J., Koss, M.P., Von Korff, M., Bernstein, D., & Russo, J. (1999). Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Medicine, 107, 332-339.
  • Wiersma, N.S. (2003). Partner awareness regarding the adult sequelae of childhood sexual abuse for primary and secondary survivors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 151-164.
  • Wolfe, D., Jaffe, P.G., Jetté, J., & Poisson, S.E. (2003). The impact of child abuse in community institutions and organizations: Advancing professional and scientific understanding. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 10, 179-191.
  • Wyatt, G., Loeb, T. B., Solis, B., Carmona, J., & Romero, G. (1999). The prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse: Changes across a decade. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 45-60.
  • Zierler, S., Feingold, L., Laufer, D., Velentgas, P., Kantrowitz-Gordon, I., & Mayer, K. (1991). Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent risk of HIV infection.American Journal of Public Health, 81, 572-575.